Materials

Browse our collection of textile materials and discover their properties and uses.

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Phases
- Fáza 1
- Fáza 2
- Phase 1
- Phase 1, Phase 2
- Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3
- Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4
- Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 4
- Phase 2
- Phase 2, Phase 1
- Phase 3
- Phase 4
- Prahe 4
Origin
- Animal
- Anorganic
- hand-held technique
- industrial technology
- machine
- Plant-based
- Synthetic
- Synthetic chemicals
- tool
Material groups
- aida stitch
- air-jet
- air-jet spinning machine
- ajour
- art protis
- bast fibers
- binding
- bleaching
- bobbin lace-making
- break
- breaking
- canvas store
- carpentry
- carpet weaving
- circular loom
- cloth fulling
- coils
- comb
- combing
- cord
- cottonization
- counted cross-stitch
- crocheting
- curved-needle embroidery
- cutter
- dref spinning machine
- dry felting
- dry spinning
- drying
- dyeing
- elektrospinning
- embroidery
- embroidery with metallic thread
- felting
- felting needle
- fiber hemp cutter
- Filament spinning machine
- fulling mill
- gel spinning
- glass
- guba making
- hand sewing
- harvest
- hemp processing line
- industrial bleaching
- industrial bobbin lace-making
- industrial chemical soaking
- industrial combing
- industrial creping
- industrial decortication
- industrial drying
- industrial dyeing
- industrial enzymatic soaking
- industrial fabric softening
- industrial knitting
- industrial loom
- industrial machine embroidery
- industrial mixing
- industrial sewing machine
- industrial soaking
- industrial spinning
- industrial textile recycling
- industrial tufting
- industrial weaving
- industrial yarn softening
- jacquard loom
- knitting
- knitting on a home knitting machine
- knitting on a loom
- leaf fibers
- leather
- leather goods
- loom
- mangling
- mechanized harvest
- melt spinning
- metal
- mordanting
- Mule spinning machine
- nanotechnology
- natural dye
- netting
- non-woven fabric
- other animal materials
- other plant materials
- pigment
- pleated design
- plying
- rapier loom
- recycled
- reed
- reed frame
- reed making
- ring spinning
- rolling
- rotor spinning machine
- scutching
- seams
- seed fibers
- sewing on an industrial sewing machine
- shaping
- sheep breeding
- sheep shearing
- shuttle
- shuttle loom
- silk
- soaking
- spindle
- spinning
- spinning machine
- spinning wheel
- sprang
- stamping mill
- straw weaving
- string trimmers
- synthetic
- tablet weaving cards
- tailoring
- textile recycling
- tufting
- tufting needle or hand tufting hook
- warp
- washing wool
- water misting
- water-jet
- weaving
- weaving on a loom and on cards
- weaving tensioner
- wet felting
- wet spinning
- wool
- wool processing
Processing techniques related to this material
- bielenie
- binding
- bleaching
- česanie
- combing
- decortication/breaking
- dekortikácia/lámanie
- dewing
- doštičkové tkanie
- druganie
- dyeing
- farbenie
- felting
- knitting
- máčanie
- opletanie na forme
- pletenie
- plstenie
- plying
- pradenie
- pranie
- rolling
- rosenie
- skrúcanie
- soaking
- spinning
- súkanie
- šúľanie
- tkanie
- twisting
- viazanie
- výroba šujtášov
- vyšívanie
- washing
- weaving
- wet felting
- wrapping on a form
Material type
- (Netting / Filet) a knotting technique in which openwork textile or netting is made from a single thread. Individual loops are attached with knots to the loops of the previous row
- (nožná stupa
- (Tying
- 000
- 000 mule spindles in Lancashire alone. Modern versions are still in production and are used to spin woollen yarns from noble fibres such as cashmere
- 000 rpm. The Rotor design is the key to the operation of the open-ended spinners. Each type of fibre may require a different rotor design for optimal product quality and processing speed.
- 320 spindles and could be 150 feet (46 m) long
- 3D and multilayer motifs
- 3D embroidery or combined effects. The number of colors does not affect the price
- 3D sampling and automation enable the production of tailor-made garments according to individual customer requirements. On-demand customization changes the model from mass production to personalized fashion
- 8 (9'2 ft)
- a collaborative variation of this technique was also practiced
- a device for treating textiles.
- a distinction is made
- a dosing system (e.g. a syringe with a needle)
- A hemp fibre cutter is a specialised machine designed for cutting and dividing hemp stems into smaller pieces before further processing. It enables efficient and rapid sectioning of fibrous hemp
- A hemp separation line is a technological system designed for processing hemp stems
- a latex or other fixing coating is applied to the back side
- a loom. The basis of the looms were two frames (sides
- A mechanized method of harvesting agricultural crops (e.g. grain) using combines or other agricultural machinery. The machine simultaneously cuts
- a milder hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is used in an alkaline environment. This method also prevents damage to the fiber Synthetic fibers (polyester
- a narrow textile in the form of a strip whose length greatly exceeded its width. Tablet weaving was used to produce laces
- A pigment is a coloring substance that occurs in nature or is produced synthetically and is used to color various materials. Pigments are characterized by being insoluble in water and common solvents
- a process known as willowing or batting. The task was mechanised by the development of machines known as willowers. Scutching machines were introduced in the early 19th century. These processed the raw material into a continuous sheet of cotton wadding kn
- a rotational movement of the bobbin is combined with a transverse movement of the yarn along its surface. This creates a cross-wound pattern that remains stable during unwinding.
- a sample is embroidered
- A shuttle is a tool designed to neatly and compactly store a holder that carries the thread of the weft yarn while weaving with a loom. Shuttles are thrown or passed back and forth through the shed
- A shuttle loom is a traditional weaving machine that uses a shuttle to carry the weft threads (crosswise) over the warp threads (longitudinal) in the weave
- A spinning machine is a mechanical textile device designed for the production of yarn from loose fibers. Its primary function is to draw
- a synergistic effect can be achieved - for example
- A tensioning device is an auxiliary tool used in weaving to maintain even tension in the warp (the longitudinal threads on the loom). Its function is to ensure that the warp remains consistently wide and properly tensioned
- a traditional craft focused on long-pile woolen blankets and garments
- a window) when their temperature drops below the dew point. It depends on the air temperature
- a wooden binding pin (krutel
- a wooden mechanical device specifically designed for processing flax and hemp fibers.
- a worsted is created – a strip of long
- about 40-50 cm long; in Spiš
- accuracy and long-term operation
- adaptability and good thermal insulation ability Basic principles and types of industrial knitting Knitted fabric is created by creating loops from one or more yarns
- adaptable
- adversely affect spinnability and exacerbate yarn evenness and hairiness
- airbags)
- alcohol-
- alder
- alginate
- align
- aligned
- aligned and homogenized. Carding machines ensure a uniform distribution of fibers in the strand
- all ready to go to the next step. There is no roving stage or re-packaging on an auto-coner. This system is much less labour-intensive and faster than ring spinning with rotor speeds up to 140
- allow for efficient separation of individual fibers and increase the proportion of recycled textiles Ecological significance: Recycling textiles reduces the amount of waste in landfills
- allowing the creation of linear motifs
- along with their stiffness
- alongside loom weaving
- also by motor. Its mechanism lifted and dropped wooden hammers that beat the fabric
- also known as hackles
- also served as a horse's hoof. At some point
- ammunition bags
- among whom there were wholesalers in Kežmarok and Rožňava
- an embroidery program is created that contains precise instructions for the machine (stitch order
- Ancient textile technique in which elastic net-like fabric is produced by twisting and crossing parallel warp threads stretched on a simple frame. It was used to make caps
- and a grounded collector on which the formed fibers are deposited. Process: The polymer solution is dosed through a needle to which a high voltage is applied (usually 5–50 kV). The electric field causes the solution drop to stretch into the shape of a so-
- and a loop tied from string was inserted into the split. A small stick was then inserted crosswise through the loop and used as a lever for twisting the rod into a withe.
- and aesthetics. Modern machines and semi-professional equipment allow for faster production and more precise patterns
- and air-jet spinning machines. Spindle spinning machines represent one of the earliest mechanized forms of spinning technology and are based on the rotational movement of a spindle that twists fibers into yarn. Flyer spinning frames use a rotating flyer m
- and also as part of folk costumes.
- and are characterized by high elasticity
- and automotive industries. Compared to traditional handlooms
- and Bardejov in 1459.
- and children’s clothing and linen. It became an independent craft in the 13th and 14th centuries. The first tailors’ guilds in Slovakia were established in the 15th century
- and coarse yarns intended for weaving and other utilitarian purposes. Fibers were typically twisted by rolling them between the palms. In Slovakia
- and color (white
- and construction industries.
- and cotton using a mangle
- and decorations with rich colour and texture effects.
- and decorative elements and is documented from prehistoric periods.
- and detailed imagery.
- and efficient manufacturing of a wide range of textiles
- and especially in wood finishing
- and even longer in some areas of Slovakia. The sickle was used as a harvesting tool
- and extends the lifespan of the warp threads.
- and friction
- and high-quality knitted fabrics
- and impair the softness and quality of finished textiles. In home or hand dyeing
- and in mountainous areas also with wicker bundles. At the beginning of the 20th century
- and in northern Gemer
- and in some regions was combined with eyelet embroidery.
- and in the first half of the 19th century
- and in the Zvolen and Trenčín Counties. In the linen trade in eastern Slovakia
- and industrial applications. Originating in India (c. 1500 BC) and popularized in 15th-century Venice
- and later also with a sewing machine. In Slovak folk culture
- and later metal teeth were fixed with twisted cord.
- and later the spinning wheel. In the territory of present-day Slovakia
- and male and female hemp plants were also separated. After sufficient soaking
- and manufactory-produced woolen cloth. During the process
- and material efficiency. Spinning machines can process a wide range of natural
- and mesh fabrics.
- and moisture. The fibres have small scales on their surface which
- and more durable.
- and more environmentally friendly production. - Digital and ecological methods: Modern technologies
- and multicolored).
- and often steam. The process changes the shape and structure of the material
- and other garments.
- and other goods
- and other manufacturing industries.
- and other textile forms.
- and other textile processing that requires water
- and other textile techniques. The production of thread was carried out using simple spinning tools and devices
- and other utilitarian objects.
- and particularly from the 1720s
- and polyester. These are the most common types : Ring spinning – a spinning technology in which fibers are twisted using a spindle
- and prepare them for further processing.
- and seeds—are mechanically separated. The line includes cleaning
- and similar materials were probably known as early as the Paleolithic period. Braiding was used to make everyday objects such as baskets
- and sorting machines that ensure high purity and efficient processing. Modern separation lines allow large volumes of hemp to be processed with minimal material loss
- and stamping implements. Stamping and Embossing Techniques used to imprint decorative motifs into leather. Stamping employs individual punches struck with a mallet
- and suitable for both beginners and advanced makers.
- and surface temperature.
- and synthetic fibers
- and technical textiles.
- and textile artworks without the need for electricity. The base fabric is stretched on a frame
- and textiles through the application of mordants
- and the edges are finished.
- and the maintenance of traditional sheep breeds.
- and the progress can be monitored on the machine's display. Completion and inspection: After the embroidery is completed
- and the stems are ready for packaging.
- and the stems had to be turned several times. It was mainly used in the processing of flax in mountainous areas
- and the yarn is repeatedly pushed through the fabric to form loops or pile. The reverse side is later fixed with adhesive
- and their combination creates derived weaves with various structures and patterns.
- and then interlaced according to the pattern. Using pins
- and then mechanically working it (by rubbing and rolling)
- and therefore occur in the colored layers in the form of small solid particles.
- and thread made from plant
- and traveler mechanism
- and traveler system
- and twisted from the insertion point onward. To ensure even twisting
- and twisted into a continuous thread. The process is based on the gradual drafting and twisting of fibers
- and waste woody matter called shives. In the early days of the cotton industry
- and water-based dyes. Painting A surface decoration technique where paint remains on the exterior of the leather rather than penetrating the material. Commonly executed with acrylic or latex paints on decorative leather objects
- and wind fibers into a continuous thread suitable for weaving
- and woolen belts as part of folk clothing. Such belts were also made by card weaving.
- and would move forward and back a distance of 5 feet (1.5 m) four times a minute. It was invented between 1775 and 1779 by Samuel Crompton. The self-acting (automatic) mule was patented by Richard Roberts in 1825. At its peak
- and yarn twist multiplier) and hemp yarn quality. Experimental results reveals that optimal droplet-wet spinning lead to a 22% increase in yarn tenacity and about 50% reduction in hairiness. A higher hemp fiber content in the roving contributes to better
- animal
- animals or minerals – that are used to color foods
- another base layer can be glued to the back side for greater strength and anti-slip properties. The carpet surface is cut
- antibacterial effects
- approximately 20% of textile waste is recycled
- aprons
- aprons had a utilitarian and decorative function ...
- aprons. Production of individual patches and emblems for various purposes Technological possibilities: Modern industrial embroidery machines (e.g. Brother
- aramid
- are processed into fibers by this technique. Wet-spinning is particularly suitable for polymers that cannot be processed by melt or dry spinning.
- arrange them in parallel and prepare them for further processing (spinning
- Art Protis – a unique Czechoslovak textile technique developed in the 1960s at the Wool Research Institute in Brno and patented in 1968. It combines artistic principles of painting with nonwoven textile technology. Colored wool fleece and other materials
- artificial grass and other textile products. Modern machines allow for variable pile height
- artwork and upholstery Artificial grass and technical textiles: Modern tufting machines also produce artificial grass for sports fields and gardens Technological innovations Robotics and automation: The latest robotic tufting machines allow for rapid chan
- as well as technical textiles (e.g. medical
- automated embroidery is started for the required number of pieces. The machine carries out the embroidery according to the program
- automotive or protective textiles) Industrial knitting is one of the most dynamic and versatile technologies in the current textile industry. Modern knitting machines enable fast
- automotive textiles
- babe).
- bags
- Balkan merchants from the south of Hungary and urban dyers
- Bardejov and many Spiš municipalities stood out
- based on joining animal fibers
- based on the rectangular crossing of two sets of threads – warp and weft. Mechanically separated groups of warp threads move alternately up and down according to a predetermined order
- beaters
- because most textile waste is made up of mixed materials that are difficult to recycle Mechanical recycling: Textiles are mechanically crushed and disintegrated into smaller pieces. The recovered fibres are used to produce new yarns
- become more pliable and better adapt to the shape or surface of the product
- becomes brittle and can break. Industrial air humidification in textile factories therefore helps to maintain the softness and processability of the yarn The importance of yarn softening Improving the comfort and feel of final products (e.g. clothing
- began to split into fibres
- belts
- between the yarn threads of the warp in order to weave in the weft.
- between warp and weft creping - depending on whether the effect is achieved by contraction of the warp or weft It is important to correctly adjust the tension
- bevelers
- bind together into a compact textile structure. Felt provides good insulation against cold and moisture. In Slovakia
- binding). Fiber is the basic building block of all textiles. It can be of natural or chemical origin
- biodiversity
- black
- blackthorn
- Bleaching is a technological process in which textile fibers
- bleaching plant owners from Prešov
- bleaching was often not carried out chemically
- Bobbin lace is a traditional textile technique for making lace
- bobbin lace is used to produce high-quality lace for clothing and home textiles
- bodices
- bone
- brazilwood (fernambuk)
- break down unwanted components
- Breaking tool / Flax and hemp brake – a tool used to separate the woody part of flax and hemp stems from the fibers. The stems were crushed on the ground
- Breaking trough (lamalnica) – traditional tool used for separating the woody core of hemp stems from the fiber. The device consisted of a trough-shaped wooden structure mounted on four legs
- Breaking was(is) a traditional processing technique used to separate the woody core from bast fibers after retting by water soaking or dew exposure had partially decomposed the binding substances within the plant stems. The process was carried out using t
- breathability
- breathability and comfort
- breathable
- but also for improving processability in textile machines. Main methods of industrial yarn softening 1. Chemical softening The yarn is treated with special softening agents based on silicones
- but applied to woven woolen textiles rather than loose fibers. Fulling was used to finish homespun
- but in a gel state. The extruded fiber is cooled (often in a liquid bath)
- but in terms of ecology
- but rather through repeated washing and drying in sunlight
- but reduce the quality compared to hand embroidery.. Possibility of application to various types of textiles (T-shirts
- but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.
- by transferring his weight
- canvas became the preferred
- caps
- carbon fibers) for technical or protective textiles with desired properties. Industrial blending is an essential part of modern textile production. A properly designed and implemented blending process is the basis for achieving the desired quality
- carbon fibres and are capable of being made into filters for water systems.[clarification needed] Yarns such as Rayon and Kevlar can be spun using this method. The technology was developed around 1975 by Dr. Ernst Fehrer.
- carded and combed to remove impurities and align the fibers in a parallel direction. This step is crucial to ensure the quality of the resulting yarn Fiber twisting: The prepared fibers are drawn out and twisted into a thread. Twisting gives the yarn stre
- carpenters and skilled self-taught craftsmen.
- Carpet weaving commonly used textile remnants
- carpets
- carpets). Mechanical recycling requires careful sorting by material and colour to avoid the need for further dyeing or bleaching Chemical recycling: In this method
- cast spindles with a wooden wheel firmly connected to the drum began to be used. In the first half of the 20th century
- casual and children's)
- casual wear
- cationic or non-ionic softeners. These agents are applied either in the washing process or as a separate technological step after dyeing or bleaching. Chemical softening reduces friction between fibers
- causing it to shrink and felt.
- checking the quality of stitches and seams during the process. 4. Finishing operations: Cleaning edges
- chemical and biological properties that differ significantly from the properties of the same materials on a larger scale. Nanotechnology has brought new properties to textiles
- chemicals (e.g. alkaline agents) are applied to selected parts of the fabric
- čierno. Z irchy sa vystrihovali alebo razidlami vysekávali remienky
- čipka
- cleaned
- cleanliness and appearance Industrial fabric softening is an essential part of modern textile operations. The use of softened water improves the properties of textiles
- clearing or meadow. Here
- cloth slippers or sewn on the foot with cloth. At the end of the 18th century
- clothing
- čo umožňuje rýchlu a energeticky efektívnu produkciu priadze. The structure and operation of spinning machines vary according to the technological principle used for yarn formation. Among the most significant types are spindle spinning machines
- collagen and cellulose
- color
- color and accuracy of the motif. Embroidery: After the sample is approved
- color and condition. Sorting is key
- color and type of textile. Creation of the embroidery program: Based on the digitized motif
- color change
- coloring techniques Dyeing A leather colouring technique in which pigments or dyes dissolved in water or solvents penetrate the pores of the leather. Used for uniform colouring or for enhancing carved and embossed surfaces by creating contrast and depth.
- combined the principles of roller drafting and spindle spinning
- combing
- Combing is a technological process in the processing of textile raw materials
- combining cotton and polyester to obtain yarns with higher strength
- combining the strength and durability of one fiber with the softness and comfort of another Ensuring uniformity: Blending minimizes non-uniformities in the composition and properties of the semi-finished product
- composite
- compression stockings)
- connected by transverse beams. The looms had two cylinders (spindles): the rear one for the warp and the front one for the fabric. Laths were placed crosswise across the frames
- construction
- containers
- continuous and sufficiently long threads with the desired properties (thickness
- controlled via footrests
- cords for tying loads
- Corn husk craft – shaping corn leaves into the form of dolls.
- cotton
- cotton or their mixtures) is pressed into the base fabric (the so-called tufting fabric) using special machines or robotic devices. The result is the creation of loops or cut pile
- cotton) using machines that clean
- covers
- craft
- craft focused on producing objects from leather. Medieval leatherworkers made travel trunks
- Craft focused on sewing men’s
- craft production predominantly used spindle wheels
- creating a decorative
- creating a soft
- creating a strong fabric with a consistent thickness. These machines
- creating a viscous solution suitable for spinning. The solution is filtered and fed into a spinning device that controls the flow and pressure for consistent extrusion. The solution is extruded through a spinneret - a nozzle with fine holes that determine
- creating continuous fibers. Cooling and solidification: After leaving the nozzle
- creating the characteristic lace patterns. Interlacing
- creping creates
- crocheted lace gradually began to replace bobbin lace on household textiles and clothing
- Crocheting – a method of producing textile structures by forming loops with a hook. In the territory of Slovakia
- curtains
- cutting out and sewing holes according to a pre-drawn pattern. Holes of various shapes are left empty or filled with garters. According to the decorative principle
- decoration
- decorative appearance and often a pleasant touch. The result is a fabric with irregular stripes or waves on the surface
- decorative fabrics
- Decorative joining seams – also known locally as scinky
- decortication
- Decortication line is an industrial processing system designed for the treatment of plant stems in order to separate fibers and hurd from bast plants
- degreasing
- degreasing and removal of natural impurities (e.g. waxes from cotton or lignin from linen). This stage increases the effectiveness of the bleaching itself and is carried out with alkaline solutions with the addition of wetting agents Bleaching with chemi
- delivering water onto the front top roller. This innovative approach enhances hemp yarn in two ways: firstly
- depending on the type of plant being processed and for what type of production or product. A Claas Xerion 4000 VC tractor with multifunctional equipment separates the biomass into two parts during the harvest of industrial hemp in the Netherlands. The upp
- depressions in meadows near rivers and streams or inlets of watercourses were used for soaking. Pits called vats were dug near surface water sources. Flax and hemp were placed in vats in bundles and weighed down with logs
- developed during the Industrial Revolution
- development and education in the field of nanotechnology. The university has a long tradition and world-renowned results in this field
- development and use of materials and structures at the nanometer level (i.e. in dimensions smaller than 100 nanometers). At this level
- Device used for making fabrics – weaving. Since the Neolithic era
- Device used for twisting fibers into yarn. From approximately the 14th century onward
- diamond-shaped
- direction and intensity of the twist. The result of the process The result of spinning is yarn - a continuous strand of fibers connected by a twist
- dirt) remain in the combs or are removed. After combing
- disperse dyes for polyester)
- does not lose color or shape unlike some printing technologies. Embroidered motifs look luxurious
- Domestic and craft production involving the weaving and sometimes sewing of traditional woolen blankets and garments known as guby. Domestic weaving of so-called village guby was widespread around Humenné and Sobrance. Guba-making was also practiced as an
- double-bed
- Drawn-thread work / Ažúr – an embroidery technique based on the partial removal of warp or weft threads from the fabric. The remaining threads are grouped
- dried thoroughly and moved to a covered area. The fibers from the soaked flax stalks were light brown to yellowish in color
- droplet-wet spinning enables the production of high-quality hemp yarn at lower twist multipliers
- dry cleaning was used instead
- Dry spinning is a synthetic fiber production technology in which a polymer is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent and then fibers are formed from the solution by evaporating the solvent in warm air Main process steps: Solution preparation: The polymer
- dry spinning). Spinning is a manufacturing process for creating polymer fibers. It is a specialized form of extrusion that uses a spinneret to form multiple continuous filaments.
- durability and price of the product.
- durable alternative to wood for artists and shipping. Today
- durable fashion
- dyeing and other textile treatments. Hard water contains high amounts of calcium and magnesium
- dyers primarily specialized in the coloring of linen fabrics. The highest concentration of dyeing workshops was located in central and eastern Slovakia. The first dyers’ guild was established in 1608 in the town of Levoča. Its members included master dyer
- dyers). The first mangles were built in Orava in the 1820s with the permission of the estate.
- ECO insulation for construction
- ecological
- efficient and allows the creation of complex patterns with high durability and a representative appearance. Principle: Embroidery is carried out based on an embroidery program that determines the movement of the needle
- efficient and flexible production of a wide range of textiles – from regular clothing to special technical textiles. Clothing industry: Knitwear is the basis for the production of T-shirts
- efficient and variable production with the possibility of complex patterns and color combinations Principle and technological process - Material preparation The yarn is wound onto bobbins and prepared according to the desired pattern and color. A strong
- elastic
- elasticity
- elasticity) that correspond to further use. Main stages of industrial spinning Fiber preparation: The fibers are first loosened
- elderberry fruits
- Electrospinning is a modern technology for producing very thin fibers (nanofibers) from polymer solutions or melts using a strong electric field. The resulting fibers have a diameter ranging from tens to several hundred nanometers and create nonwoven laye
- embroidery and other operations. Technological process of sewing: 1. Material and thread preparation: Selection of the appropriate needle and thread according to the type of material. 2. Machine settings: Adjustment of thread tension
- embroidery developed significantly from the late 18th century onward
- embroidery in a net
- Embroidery made by punching
- Embroidery made with gold or silver metal thread
- embroidery reached its peak and diversified into numerous local variants shaped by skilled embroiderers and pattern drawers.
- enabling fast and energy-efficient yarn production. Air-jet spinning (pradenie prúdom vzduchu) – moderná pradiarska technológia
- enabling highly automated and energy-efficient yarn production.
- enabling the production of fine and high-quality yarns. Ring spinning machines became the dominant industrial spinning technology from the 19th century onward. In this system
- ensuring long-term protection against bacteria
- entangling them into a firm and shapeable structure.
- especially from thermoplastic polymers such as polyester
- especially in folk culture: A wooden container made of a hollowed-out trunk
- especially in large production volumes. - Semi-continuous dyeing: Combines elements of both previous methods – some steps are continuous
- especially in terms of their softness
- especially in the 18th century. Merchants obtain goods by direct purchase from producers in their place of residence and at markets. In Orava
- especially on solid materials where there is no risk of damage from the needle. Modern embroidery machines can handle multi-colored
- especially sheep wool
- especially wool
- etc. Looms were made by joiners
- extend the life of materials and minimize the environmental burden of the textile industry. This process includes the collection
- fabrics or finished products) are dyed using chemical dyes or pigments to obtain the desired and durable color. This process is a key part of textile production and requires expertise in the fields of chemistry
- fabrics or technical products (e.g. seat padding
- facilitating their embedding into the yarn
- fashion
- fast program change and the possibility of producing small and large series. Software tools enable rapid digitization and modification of motifs according to customer requirements
- felting
- Felting (rolling) is a method of textile production in which fibres of animal hair are bonded together through the action of pressure
- felting was associated mainly with the production of hats and winter felted footwear known as váľanky.
- felting was used in the production of hats and footwear (such as valenki-style boots and felt shoes).
- fewer breaks). Adapting yarn to specific customer or end-use requirements (e.g. medical textiles
- fiber
- fiber hemp cutter KP-4 cuts fiber hemp in 4 levels by 60 cm (2 ft) distance - such length of stubble can be processed in Lithuanian based (city Kedainiai) fiber hemp processing factory „Natūralus pluoštas“
- fibers were typically twisted in a clockwise direction (Z-twist)
- fibres are broken down into their basic chemical components (e.g. cellulose from cotton
- fishing tools
- fixing
- flax
- Flax combs
- flax or wool
- Flax processing
- flyer spinning frames
- followed by Orava and Šariš. A significant number of producers were also in Liptov
- food
- footwear
- for example
- for example by squeezing
- for example those developed at Aarhus University
- for technical textiles or underwear Properties and uses of knitted fabrics Knitted fabrics are flexible
- for the automotive industry (covers
- form the basis for basic weaves (plain
- formal wear
- forming a mesh with square
- forming a viscous solution or gel mass. Preparation: The solution or gel is extruded through a nozzle (spinneret)
- frame movement). The program is loaded into the embroidery machine.- Textile preparation: The textile is clamped in the embroidery frame
- francles from warp threads on the edges of towels
- fringes
- from simple plain weaves to complex patterned fabrics.
- full slippers or with a slit)
- Fulling craft – a craft concerned with fulling woolen cloth in a fulling mill. In most cloth-making centers
- fulling was carried out by cloth-makers themselves
- functionality and economic efficiency of textile products.
- furniture and car fillings) Challenges and innovations Mixed materials: The biggest challenge is recycling mixed textiles (e.g. cotton with elastane)
- furniture fillings
- garments
- gather
- Gel spinning (also called semi-melt spinning) is a special technology for producing fibers from polymers that uses an intermediate "gel" state to create fibers with extremely high strength and elastic modulus. : The polymer is dissolved in a solvent
- Gemer
- geotextiles
- gombíky.
- gradually compacting them into a firm and shapeable material.
- grain) in water or chemical solutions for the purposes of cleaning
- graphic or other motif
- grass stalks
- gray
- heat
- heat stabilization is used - the fabric is exposed to the effect of heat in a stretched or folded state
- hemp
- hemp fiber content of the roving
- hemp textiles have gained attention as a sustainable alternative to cotton. However
- hemp threads
- hemp) using mechanical or chemical methods.
- high-quality fibres from short and dirty fibres
- high-quality sheep wool was sorted according to fiber length and quality. Long wool locks were used to create the pile
- Highly automated weaving machine designed for the mass production of fabrics for the textile
- hnedo
- home accessories
- home accessories (curtains
- home and technical textile industries. Basic principles and stages of industrial weaving Preparation of warp and weft: - Before weaving itself
- home textiles). Increasing the processability of yarn on textile machines (lower friction
- Home-made and artisanal production of knitted or sewn slippers. Slippers were knitted with five needles until the 18th century. An older form of slippers were stockings (knee socks)
- horizontal frame looms with foot-operated healds began to be used. These were used in both domestic and artisanal hand weaving until the 20th century. Artisan weavers also called them a workbench
- horizontal frame looms with foot-operated heddles began to be used. These were used in both domestic and artisanal hand weaving until the 20th century. Artisan weavers also called them a workbench
- however
- humidity
- improves pattern accuracy
- impurities and residues from textile fibers (cotton
- in connection with the improved social status of the rural population and the growing desire to embellish clothing. During the 19th and early 20th centuries
- in domestic conditions. Home knitting machines may be single-bed
- in dry weather two to three times longer. Sufficiently dewed stems were collected
- in some cases
- in the 20th century
- in the adjacent villages of Liptov
- in the first half of the 20th century
- in the form of a clay
- in the malting or textile industries.
- in which cereals and other materials were crushed with a stone pestle. Foot-operated device
- in which delicate and intricate patterns are created by interlacing
- in which hemp stalks were crushed using a heavy wooden mallet or pestle. This type of processing tool was traditionally used in western Slovakia.
- in which individual parts of textiles are joined into a finished product using a needle and thread on special sewing machines. Industrial sewing machines are designed for high speed
- in which the woody part of the stem is separated from the fibers by the action of moisture using fungi and molds. Flax stems were spread out in a thin layer in rows directly on the field
- in which the woody part of the stem rots under the action of bacteria and is separated from the fibers. Natural depressions in swamps
- including Banská Štiavnica in 1446
- including insulation materials
- including wool
- increase the value compared to e.g. screen printing
- increased wear resistance and self-cleaning capabilities. Textile protection is possible thanks to silicon nanoparticles (SiO2)
- increases pliability and improves the feel of the yarn. The result is a yarn that is more pleasant to the touch and suitable for the production of delicate clothing. 2. Thermal softening (especially for synthetic yarns) In the so-called In hot-melt yarns
- increasing production flexibility and efficiency. Digital design: The machines are linked to CAD software for carpet design
- Industrial bleaching is a technological process of removing natural color
- Industrial blending is a key technological process in textile production
- Industrial combing of fibers (e.g. wool
- Industrial creping is a special technological process of surface treatment of fibers and textiles
- Industrial dyeing is a technological process in which textile materials (fibers
- Industrial fabric softening in the textile industry primarily concerns the process of softening water used during washing
- Industrial knitting is a technological process of producing flat textile structures (knitted fabrics) by interweaving yarns into loops using specialized knitting machines. Knitted fabrics are the basic material for the production of a wide range of clothi
- Industrial machine embroidery is a modern textile technology in which decorative or functional motifs (logos
- Industrial moisture removal using dryers or other technological equipment
- Industrial removal of wood or husks from plant fibers (e.g. flax
- Industrial soaking of raw materials (e.g. textile fibres
- Industrial soaking of raw materials using enzymes that accelerate the decomposition of complex substances (e.g. starches) into simpler ones (sugars)
- Industrial spinning is a technological process in which loose textile fibers (natural or synthetic) are mechanically processed and twisted into a thread or yarn
- Industrial textile recycling is a process that aims to reduce the amount of textile waste
- Industrial tufting is a modern textile technology in which yarn (most often wool
- Industrial weaving is a technological process for fabric production in which two sets of yarns – warp (longitudinal threads) and weft (transverse threads) – are regularly interwoven at right angles on weaving machines (looms). This process is the basis fo
- industrial weaving looms enable extremely fast
- Industrial yarn softening is a set of technological modifications aimed at increasing the softness
- influenced by school education. From that period onward
- inscriptions
- inscriptions and brands on work and advertising textiles. Decorative elements for clothing
- insulation materials
- interior
- interlacing
- involves dissolving polymers in a suitable solvent before spinning. Unlike dry-spinning
- ironing and wear
- ironing). Creped textiles are used for the production of clothing (especially summer
- is fed to cattle as feed
- is spun into yarn and comes out
- it became popular mainly in western Slovakia in the form of fine white or colored embroidery. It was used to decorate festive and ceremonial clothing - men's shirts
- it belongs to openwork. In Europe
- it catches and entangles the fibers
- it cracked
- it influenced not only textile production but also the development of programmable machines and computers. Its principle remains the basis for the production of Jacquard fabrics today. Punched cards: Each row of holes on a cardboard card corresponded to
- it is a multibillion-dollar market.The canvas market in Slovakia was mainly supplied by rural domestic producers
- It is a process in which at least two threads or strands of threads twisted from fibers are repeatedly twisted into a thicker and stronger textile. A twisted textile is cohesive because the fibers in the thread or strands have the opposite twist direction
- It is a traditional type of industrial weaving loom used for weaving fabrics by inserting the weft with a shuttle. This principle is one of the oldest and longest-used methods in the history of weaving.
- it is known as English embroidery or Madeira. In the folk environment
- it is necessary to filter the water
- it is possible to realize even complex and multi-colored motifs.
- It is the process of separating bundles of bast technical fibres into individual elementary fibres. The purpose is to “cottonize” the material (cotton = bavlna)
- it is used for high-speed production of knitted and woven yarns with low hairiness. ..."In recent years
- it spread especially in the Balkans and was adopted in Slovakia mainly around Bratislava
- it uses a special felting needle with barbs that repeatedly penetrate the fibers
- it was especially popular in aristocratic and liturgical embroidery in the 16th century.
- it was in the hands of wealthy peasant or artisan families (millers
- it was used to decorate and strengthen the edges of linen garments and household textiles.
- it would spin together as you pulled it out. Sliver from the card goes into the rotor
- jackets
- jahniat a teliat na irchu. Bola to jemná
- Janome
- jet spinning
- knitted fabric
- knitted from sheep's wool and felted in warm water. They were worn in kropce
- knitting
- knitting)
- knitting). Principle and technological process: During combing
- knitwear has a dominant position in the clothing segment. Modern technologies enable the production of seamless clothing and 3D knitwear
- knotting
- Knotting) a method of joining fibers
- knuteľ) was sometimes used. Sheaves were stacked in three basic forms: horizontal
- kompozit
- Košice in 1457
- kôz
- koža
- ktorí ju používali na šitie a výzdobu kožuchov. Na výrobu irchy používali väčšinou horšie kožky
- lace
- laces on cards and plates were made by weaving in Kysucie. Of all the methods
- lamalnica) – a tool in the form of a trough for separating the woody part of hemp from the fiber. It stood on four legs and the hemp stalks were pounded in it with a heavy wooden pestle or piston. It was used in western Slovakia; it is a traditional devic
- landscape formation
- leather
- leather chairs
- leather processing
- leather strips
- led by Prof. Oldřich Jirsák. Textile impregnation and protection: Nanotechnology preparations create an invisible protective film on the surface of the fibers that repels water
- less dust
- less often in brass. A small potato
- lighting
- linen
- linen or hemp. Its aim is to separate long
- lint
- located in a separate building – a mangle room. In areas with developed canvas production (Orava
- looms)
- looping
- loosely woven tufted fabric (e.g.
- lower shrinkage and better comfort. Technical textiles: Blending of special fibers (e.g. aramids
- lower water and chemical consumption
- Machine knitting at home – an efficient method of producing regular
- machine requires 160-200 HP with 1000 rpm on cardan shaft. In transport position cutters are folded hydraulically and hydraulically locked for safety. Hydraulic chassis is equipped with 520 mm width wheels. 6 of these machines in 2019 cut 1500 ha (3700 ac
- mainly thanks to the development and industrial introduction of electrospinning technology for the production of nanofibers
- making them suitable for blankets and mop yarns. They can be spun from asbestos
- making them suitable for mass production. Air-jet spinning machines represent a contemporary technology in which compressed air streams bind fibers together
- male hemp plants were also dewed (they are smaller and thinner). In wet weather
- Manual joining of two or more layers of fabric using a needle and thread. It is one of the oldest techniques for making and repairing clothing and textile products. The basic tools are a sewing needle
- Manual spinning is a traditional textile technology in which loose fibers are drawn out
- material and use depending on the use. Accordingly
- materials and resources. On-demand personalization: Digital printing
- materials engineering and technological processes. Basic methods of industrial dyeing: Periodic (discontinuous) dyeing: The material is immersed in a dye bath for a certain time
- mats and bags (cégre) were made from split bat stems in the area of Nové Zámky and Galanta. In Čičmany and Ždiar
- meaning solutions or vapors of substances that influence the coloration of the treated material while also providing preservative and protective effects. In folk production
- meaning that the properties of the cottonized material are modified to resemble cotton fibres so that it can be spun using cotton spinning technology or the production method for carded wool yarn.
- Mechanical device used for fulling woolen fabric into dense cloth. It was powered by an overshot water wheel and
- mechanické sito
- medical and everyday use Increased durability and functionality: Nanotechnologies increase mechanical resistance
- medical devices (bandages
- medical devices or upholstery
- medical textiles or functional clothing. The Technical University of Liberec (TUL) is a leading European center for research
- Melt spinning is the most widely used and highly efficient method of producing synthetic fibers
- men traditionally crocheted footwear and gloves in some regions. In rural areas
- mešterka
- metal
- Method of embroidery in which stitches are placed according to the counting of the threads of the underlying material. Dialectally referred to as "by thread". It includes several techniques from simple purpose-made stitches used to join
- Method of joining fibers
- Method of making textiles
- millers
- mixed
- modacrylic
- modern machines and semi-professional methods are also used in industrial contexts to increase production efficiency. Basic principle of bobbin lace: Bobbin lace is created on a bobbin cylinder
- Modern textile technique in which sheep wool or other suitable fibers are compacted without water or soap. Unlike wet felting
- modro
- moisture
- mokro plstená
- Mordanting (staining) – traditional process used for treating and modifying the appearance of wood
- mordanting was applied in dyeing
- more information and technical details of KP-4 can be found in this link.
- most commonly hemp. It represents a key technology for the ecological and efficient utilization of hemp biomass across various industrial sectors. The primary function of the decortication process is the mechanical separation of the two main structural co
- most commonly on a trlica.
- most commonly sheep’s wool
- most commonly the spindle
- moving in pulley wheels and controlled by feet. Before weaving
- mule spinning machines
- Nanotechnology is a scientific and industrial field that deals with the manipulation
- napnutých zvislo na ráme nazývanom krosienka. Od nich je odvodený aj názov tohto variantu kosého pletenia (pletenie na krosienkach
- Natural dyes are substances obtained from natural sources – plants
- natural dyes of mineral or vegetable origin are gradually being implemented in European industry. 3. Dye application: The material is dyed either by dipping in a solution (discontinuous) or by soaking and wringing (continuous). 4. Dye fixation: It is car
- natural textile fibers suitable for fabric production. Different types of industrial harvesting equipment are manufactured and designed for each plant
- natural textile materials
- netkaná textília
- netting was used to produce caps
- netting). In the creation of tied textiles
- new yarns and fabrics for the production of clothing and home textiles
- niť
- non-shrinking and have good thermal insulation properties. They are used to produce sportswear
- nonwoven fabric
- Nuno felting is a textile technique in which fine wool (most commonly merino) is worked into a base fabric such as silk or gauze using a wet process. The result is a lightweight
- nylon
- nylon (polyamide) and polypropylene. It is the basic method in the textile industry for producing continuous filament fibers. Process flow. Polymer melt and thus polymer granules or flakes are fed into an extruder
- nylon).
- odevné súčiastky. Zmienky o irchároch sú v Bratislave z roku 1563. V 17. a 18. storočí boli hlavnými strediskami remesla banské mestá
- odor and mold. Textiles treated in this way are suitable for sports
- of various lengths and profiles. The input material to the spinning mill is most often fiber raw material pressed in bales
- often for the higher social classes. practice of making leather into craft objects or works of art
- often in large volumes and under controlled conditions.
- often using a Maliwatt machine with a zigzag stitch.
- often with multiple needles at once. Technological process Motif digitization: The customer supplies a logo
- oils and other impurities (the so-called lotus flower effect). The textile becomes self-cleaning
- on which hung a beam with a bridle and healds
- on which hung a pole with a bridle and heddles
- One of the oldest textile techniques
- opaskov
- open up and interlock with each other during movement. Felting is considered the oldest textile technique used to produce fabrics directly
- operational width 2
- or absorbent mats. Material engineering continues to develop new technologies for textile waste processing.
- or artworks. Carving / Tooling A decorative leatherworking technique using metal tools to compress and shape dampened leather into relief patterns and three-dimensional ornamentation. Typical tools include swivel knives
- or broken on a brake
- or cutting. In Slovakia
- or even animal blood. Effects similar to mordant staining were also achieved through other traditional surface-treatment techniques.
- or fasciated yarn spinning) is a method of spinning staple-fiber yarns in which a high-velocity stream of compressed air twists wrapper fibers around a core of parallel fibers. The resulting yarn has a fasciated structure (a largely parallel core wrapped
- or finished fabrics are lightened in order to achieve a whiter appearance and to remove natural coloration or residual impurities. In traditional wool processing
- or heckles
- or industrial fibers.
- or interlacing them. In the territory of present-day Slovakia
- or linen threads. In guba production
- or mercerization (for cotton)
- or mrežka
- or needling
- or other adjustments according to the type of product. Safety and ergonomics: Industrial sewing requires compliance with safety principles and a proper ergonomic workplace (table height
- or other elements by crossing
- or other openings. In Slovakia
- or other specific parameters. Goals and significance of blending: Improving the properties of yarn and textiles: By combining different types of fibers (e.g. cotton
- or other textile objects. Compared to electric tufting guns
- or other textile processes. The introduction of spinning machinery represented a major technological shift from manual textile production to industrial manufacturing
- or pestles. The most widespread and characteristic tool
- or plastic
- or prepare the material for further processing.
- or reinforced with a backing embroidery fabric that prevents the embroidery from deforming during the process. The appropriate type and color of thread is selected according to the customer's requirements. Sample testing and approval: Before mass producti
- or simple peg-frame devices. Commonly used brands included Dopleta and Brother.
- or stitched to create transparent decorative patterns. In Slovak folk embroidery
- or sweaters
- or to break flax and hemp stalks. Stupa is also one of the names for a washboard
- or twisting—are not spun into yarn. Felted textile (felt) has good thermal insulation properties against cold. In Slovakia
- or with fine spiral metal thread known as bouillon. Because of its precious appearance
- or wooden block using a mallet or pestle
- originally introduced for the production of viscose fiber (rayon)
- originally made of bone and later metal
- others discontinuous. Technological dyeing steps 1. Material preparation: Includes cleaning
- Paličkovanie je technika
- panels
- paper
- parallel fibres
- particularly due to short fibers. This study introduces a modified sustainable droplet-wet spinning technology aimed at enhancing hemp yarn quality
- partly by artisan producers. The production and sale of linen developed mainly in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century due to increased demand. In the 1840s
- pásy s vlnitými alebo zúbkovitými okrajmi
- patterns) are applied directly to textile products or semi-finished products using embroidery machines. This technique combines the precision of digital control with the traditional elegance of embroidery and is used in the advertising
- pazderie
- pile heights and yarn types
- pile surface Fixing and finishing After tufting
- plant
- plastic and professional
- Pletenie na krosienkach (tiež sprang alebo krosienkovanie) je starobylá textilná technika
- pletenie na ráme). Textil pletený na krosienkach bol pružný
- pletenina
- pliability and comfort of yarn intended for further textile processing (weaving
- poduške
- polyamide
- polyamide) soften at elevated temperatures
- polyamide): Bleaching is often combined with thermal processes
- polyester
- polyester from PET)
- pomitka)
- PP
- precise
- predict fashion trends and quickly adapt collections to current demand. Platforms such as Stitch Fix or Zalora use algorithms to predict purchasing behavior
- prepared by warping
- pressure
- pressure and other parameters during the process to achieve the desired structure and durability of the effect.
- preto ako súčasť odevu vo forme pokrývky hlavy dobre kopíroval ...
- pretože mohli použiť aj menšie kúsky. Biela ircha sa používala na výzdobu kožúškov a ich lemovanie. Ircha sa farbila na červeno
- pri ktorej sa elastická sieťovina vytvára prepletaním napnutých osnovných nití na jednoduchom ráme. Táto technika sa používala na výrobu čiapok
- pri ktorej sa nite navinuté na drevených paličkách prepletajú podľa vzoru upevneného na podložke - vankúši (valci
- pri ktorej sa vlákna viažu a skrúcajú pomocou prúdov stlačeného vzduchu
- priadza
- printing). Main stages and methods of bleaching Pre-treatment of fibers: Includes washing
- prírodné tkanivové materiály
- processing and reuse of used textiles to produce new products or raw materials. In Slovakia
- Processing of flax and hemp
- producing strong and durable yarns suitable for a broad range of textiles. Rotor or open-end spinning machines utilize centrifugal force within a rapidly rotating rotor to form yarn at high speeds
- producing strong and fine yarn with high structural quality. Rotor spinning (open-end spinning) – a spinning method that uses a rapidly rotating rotor
- producing strong decorative bands.
- production of patches
- production of technical textiles). The softness of yarn is important not only for the final touch and comfort of products
- projectile mechanism) Weft nailing: The added weft thread is pressed against the already woven fabric strip using a pressing mechanism (brdo). Fabric winding: The finished fabric is continuously wound onto a textile cylinder. Types of weaves: The basic we
- proper seating) to prevent accidents and health problems. The importance of industrial sewing Productivity and quality: Industrial machines enable high productivity
- protective clothing or construction and agricultural textiles. Warp knits excel in strength and stability
- protects production equipment and contributes to more efficient and environmentally friendly textile processing.
- quick change between loop and cut effect and the use of multiple types of yarn at once. The most common use of tufting is in the industrial production of carpets and rugs
- quiet
- rainwater is used
- raised and lowered a pestle into a hole in a hollowed-out trunk. It was used for crushing flax seed (oil pressing) or for breaking flax and hemp. Water-wheel driven device that raised and lowered hammers (hammers) into holes in the trunk
- rapier
- rastlina
- rastlinné motívy. Robili sa z nej strapce
- rectangular
- reduce the effectiveness of detergents and chemicals
- reduce water and energy consumption and enable precise and individualized dyeing of textiles.
- reduces the number of knots and improves the processability of the fibres.
- reducing waste and promoting sustainability. Innovative production concepts: An example is Issey Miyake's A-POC (A Piece of Clothing) concept
- regenerated
- reinforce or finish the edges of fabrics
- rendering them softer and more deformable
- repeatability and quality of seams
- resistant to stains
- resulting in a durable and flexible yarn suitable for further textile production and processing. Spun yarn historically served as the fundamental material for weaving
- resulting in extremely high strength and modulus.
- retention boards
- rich in protein
- ring
- Ring spinning is a spindle-based method of spinning fibres
- ring spinning machines
- riverbeds were made from bast and thin sedges (stalks)
- rods
- rods and other elements by tying
- rope cart and rope spinning wheel)
- rotor (open-end) spinning machines
- rukavice
- saffron
- satin) and are highly valued for the production of specialized narrow fabrics.
- saves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of new textiles Examples of the use of recycled textiles Seat padding in the automotive and furniture industries
- saving time
- scarves
- Scutching is a step in the processing of cotton or the dressing of flax or hemp in preparation for spinning. The scutching process separates the impurities from the raw material
- seed
- seeds
- self-cleaning or other functional properties while saving natural resources.
- semeno
- separates the grain from the straw and partially cleans it. Harvesting for the textile industry means collecting plants at the optimal stage of maturation
- Sequence of agricultural operations connected to the harvesting of ripe grain. The oldest harvesting methods included manual plucking of grain
- several packages of different types of fibers are included in the production
- several strands are combined into one in subsequent stages
- sew and clean
- sewing
- Sewing on an industrial machine is a basic technological operation in clothing and textile production
- sewing on buttons
- sewing slippers from homespun cloth (kapce) also became widespread. The production of slippers varied in methods (sewing
- shaders
- shading
- sharp folds are formed in fabric using heat
- shawls
- shives
- shives (woody core)
- short coarser fibers called tow
- sieves
- significantly increasing production speed
- significantly increasing the efficiency of recycling Production of new products: New textile products are made from recycled fibres – from clothing to home textiles to technical materials (e.g. insulation
- silk
- sivo
- Slovakia produced 2/3 of the entire Hungarian linen production. The main production area was Spiš
- šnúry
- so that the dye is firmly bound to the fiber and the desired color fastness is achieved. 5. Washing and finishing: After dyeing
- so-called monk's cloth) is used as the base
- socks
- soft
- soft woolen thread used as weft in fabrics or as material for knitting. In Slovakia
- softening or activating biological processes (e.g. malt germination).
- softness
- solution or vapor (melt
- some acrylic
- sorting
- spandex Process principle. During wet-spinning
- spandex
- spandex or vinyon polymers) is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent
- Special needle with small reverse barbs on its surface. When repeatedly pushed through wool fibers
- special rollers or devices are often used to create permanent waves or stripes on the surface of the fabric. - Chemical creping: In this process
- špecializovaná garbiarska výroba zameraná na spracovania kože z jelenej alebo srnčej zveri
- spindle wheel
- spindles with a thick stem were still used (in the vicinity of Považská Bystrica and Púchov
- spindles with a whorl
- spinning on a spindle was already practiced during the Neolithic period. Until approximately the 14th century
- Spiš)
- sports and functional clothing. Thanks to their flexibility
- sports and school uniforms
- sportswear
- stain resistance
- stitch length and other parameters according to product requirements. 3. Sewing: Guiding the material under the needle
- stitching
- stone
- stone double-conical wheel
- stones or tufts of grass. The length of soaking depended on the air temperature; the warmer it was
- straighten
- straw or other material to hold its shape and to allow the threads to be fixed with pins. Threads are wound onto bobbins
- strength
- strength and ability to accept dye Carbonization (for wool): Removes plant impurities using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) before the actual bleaching. After carbonization
- strength and shine of the yarn
- stretchable
- strong and high-quality yarns. Combing increases the uniformity
- structures and shapes of knits according to designers' requirements. Examples include the connections: Digital technologies and AI: Artificial intelligence today makes it possible to analyze customer preferences
- stuck onto the spindle from below
- substances acquire unique physical
- such as cotton
- such as digital printing or green dyeing
- such as garments or production scraps
- such as gelatin
- such as hydrophobicity (water repellency)
- such as scarves
- such as strength
- such as the seeds from raw cotton or the straw and woody stem from flax fibers. Scutching can be done by hand or by a machine known as a scutcher. Hand scutching of flax is done with a wooden scutching knife and a small iron scraper. The end products of s
- suitable for lightweight and medium-weight fabrics
- suitable for medium-fine yarns. Air-jet spinning (also called air spinning
- suitable for synthetic materials (polyester
- suitable for thicker yarns and recycled fibers. Open-end spinning is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Research Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in 196
- sweatshirts
- synthetic and vegetable fibers are also used according to the requirements for the appearance
- Synthetic fibers are formed from melt
- synthetic materials) using chemical or physical methods. The goal is to achieve the desired level of whiteness and prepare the material for further processing (dyeing
- tablecloths
- tablecloths)
- Tablet weaving – a technique using small square or rectangular tablets made of wood
- tacle (wide ruffled sleeve ends) and krézle (wide ruffled collar) on the sleeves.
- Tajima) enable automated production with high precision
- taking into account the desired color fastness and other properties. Currently
- Tambour embroidery – an embroidery technique created by pulling thread through fabric into a chain-stitch line using a small hook or curved needle. Of Oriental origin
- tašiek či dekoratívnych prvkov a je doložená už z praveku. Spôsob pletenia textilu krútením a krížením rovnobežných nití alebo ich skupín
- technical
- technical textiles
- technical textiles and in special applications where elasticity and a decorative effect are desired. Principle and technological processes of creping: - Mechanical creping: Creping can be performed mechanically
- technical textiles).
- Technique for straightening wrinkled fabric fibers by using two rollers heated to a certain temperature by pulling the fabric between the hot rollers. An occupation that deals with the treatment of canvas and textiles made of hemp
- Technique in which a bundle of straw is shaped into the desired form while being wrapped and sewn with split willow rods or thin wooden strips. It was used to produce baskets
- technique in which regular
- Technique of decorating textiles or leather by arranging stitches with a needle and thread
- Technique related to felting
- techniques for braiding bast
- Technology for processing used or waste textile materials
- temperature
- tenká koža bielej alebo svetlokrémovej farby. Šili sa z nej miešky
- Textile technique in which yarn is inserted by hand into a base fabric using a manual tufting tool or tufting needle. It is used to create rugs
- textiles or other materials. They are characterized by being more health-friendly compared to synthetic dyes and often have additional biological effects.
- textiles) by natural or artificial means to ensure its durability and quality.
- thanks to which it was possible to spin faster and faster. The weight in the shape of a wheel or a truncated double cone was placed on the drum from below or above at the beginning of spinning
- that are no longer suitable for wear. Through various mechanical or technological methods
- the ability to wick away moisture and regulate temperature. The result is textiles with greater comfort and durability
- the aim of which is to create a characteristic crepe (wrinkled
- the aim of which is to ensure uniform distribution and homogeneity of different types of fibers or raw materials before further processing (especially before spinning). Blending is used to optimize the properties of the resulting yarn or textile
- the appropriate footrest was stepped on again and the process was repeated. In Slovakia
- the backing fabric is removed
- the bundles were rinsed in clean water
- the calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions in hard water are replaced by sodium ions (Na⁺)
- The canvas market has evolved from ancient
- the cohesive force of water promotes the consolidation of short fibers on both sides of the fiber bundle towards the center
- the design is transferred onto the surface
- the embroidery is checked and the textile is ready for further processing or shipment. Advantages of industrial embroidery: Embroidery is extremely resistant to washing
- the fabric usually shrank to three-quarters or two-thirds of its original size
- the fiber material is further mixed
- the fibers are neutralized with sodium acetate Environmental aspects Modern bleaching focuses on reducing water and chemical consumption. Ecological alternatives include the use of enzymes (e.g. peroxidases) or ozone
- The fibers are spun in a rotating rotor; high speed
- The fibers are twisted by air current; very fast
- The fibers are twisted using friction rollers or cages; suitable for special technical yarns.Friction spinning or DREF spinning is a textile technology that is suitable for spinning coarse counts of yarns and technical core-wrapped yarns. DREF yarns are b
- the fibers on both sides of the fiber bundle are more readily drawn into the spinning triangle and twisted to form yarn; secondly
- the fibers pass through cold air (so-called quench chamber)
- the fibres are passed through a system of combs or combing rollers with fine needles or teeth. These catch and pull out long fibres
- the fingers pressed the area between the twisted and untwisted sections of the withe to prevent the twisted part from becoming too tightly wound. Greater force was required to twist a thicker rod into a withe than when twisting thinner rods. Therefore
- The harvesting of natural materials for textile use depended on the type of material. Bast was usually harvested in late spring and early summer
- the importance of the decorative function of knots grew and they were gradually used exclusively according to their appearance. Tying threads at the edge of the fabric was intended to strengthen it and protect it from fraying. Tassels
- The industrial soaking of raw materials in chemical solutions that remove impurities
- The Joseph Marie Jacquard loom is a revolutionary weaving machine invented in 1801 by the French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard. This machine enabled the automated weaving of complex textile patterns using punched cards
- the leather hardens and retains the desired form. Laser Cutting / Etching A contemporary technique using CO₂ lasers for precise cutting or engraving of leather surfaces. Laser etching enables highly detailed decorative patterns and surface textures. Perfo
- the left hand was gradually moved along the rod. At the same time
- the local population was engaged in linen weaving. He is engaged in door-to-door trade.
- the material is fiberized and transformed into new products
- the material is thoroughly rinsed to remove residues of unfixed dye and chemicals
- the material is washed to remove unfixed dye and chemical residues. - Continuous dyeing: The material undergoes a series of technological operations (e.g. dyeing
- the method of preparation and the settings of the spinning machine parameters.
- The most commonly used tool for shearing sheep until the mid-20th century was string or articulated shears.
- the most mechanized was weaving on horizontal looms with heddles
- the order of colors and the type of stitches according to the digital design. The machine is able to embroider on various types of textiles
- the performance of knitted fabrics made from conventional ring-spun yarn and droplet-wet spun yarn was compared and analyzed. The results indicate that fabric made from droplet-wet spun yarn exhibits an approximately 8% increase in bursting strength and a
- the polymer solution is extruded through a spinneret into a coagulation bath
- The process by which water vapor condenses on the surface of objects (e.g.
- the raw material was manually beaten with sticks after being placed on a mesh
- The removal of moisture from a material (e.g. grain
- the rod cracked through twisting and became fibrous
- the rotating spindle first twisted the wool fibers into yarn
- the roving is first attenuated by using drawing rollers
- the shorter the soaking time. The condition of the stems had to be checked especially towards the end so that the fibers did not get wet and thus damaged. Flax and hemp were not mixed in the vats
- the softening effect is achieved by the application of heat. Thermoplastic fibers (e.g. polyester
- the solvent evaporates and solid nanofibers are deposited on the collector.
- the solvent used does not have to be volatile. For exemple viscose
- the spindle spinning wheel (also known as the cloth-maker’s spinning wheel) became widely used in the territory of present-day Slovakia for wool spinning. The device consisted of a large wheel operated by the right hand
- the spindle was also considered a magical remedy.
- The spinning mule is a machine used to spin cotton and other fibres like wool. They were used extensively from the late 18th to the early 20th century in the mills of Lancashire and elsewhere. Mules were worked in pairs by a minder
- the stems are dried and then processed to obtain strong
- the stems were allowed to act on the dew and rain
- the stems were crushed on a hard surface using wooden tools such as clubs
- the technology utilizes a syringe connected to an adjustable-speed pump
- the thicker end of the rod was split
- the thicker end of the willow rod was inserted into the weave at its upper edge. The rod was held with the left hand above the insertion point
- the threads are guided and fixed
- the threads twist and interlace with the weft
- the uneven fineness and length of hemp fibers
- the use of knots created textiles from a system of threads (tied tassels from the warp and from a separate set of parallel threads) or from a single thread (frills
- the warp
- the warp was created using heddles
- the washing is carried out with the addition of chelating agents that bind metal ions and prevent the formation of yellow tones Specialized techniques Mercerization (for cotton): Combined with bleaching - the fibers are treated with a concentrated solutio
- The weft is inserted by a jet of compressed air. Very fast
- The weft is inserted by a jet of water. High speed
- The weft is inserted by rapier rods. Suitable for a wide range of materials and complex patterns
- the wool character of these fibers. Creped fibers and textiles are known for their elasticity
- the yarn loses moisture
- the yarns are prepared – the warp is wound onto a warp cylinder and the weft yarn onto bobbins. The yarn must be strong and uniform enough to withstand mechanical stress during weaving - Weaving on a loom: Modern weaving machines (looms) are automated dev
- their shape (with or without a sari
- then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarser counts
- there were 5
- thereby achieving greater softness and a more pleasant touch of finished fabrics Protecting equipment: Prevents the formation of scale in pipes and on heating elements of machines
- thereby condensing the spinning triangle. Consequently
- thereby enhancing yarn tenacity and reducing yarn hairiness. The study systematically investigates the relationship between droplet-wet spinning parameters (water droplet rate
- thereby fixing the desired crepe structure. Technological aspects Creping can be carried out at various stages of fiber or textile treatment before final shaping and drying In the production of crepe fabrics
- thereby increasing the economic efficiency of hemp cultivation and its use in the textile
- thereby reducing electricity consumption during yarn production. Subsequently
- these stitches were used to join two pieces of fabric or to fill openwork sections in drawn-thread embroidery.
- these tools are simpler
- they also differ from each other in thickness
- They also twisted the hair from the tails of cows to weave crossbows using a wooden hook.
- they can be distinguished into twisted threads
- they were hand-grated
- they were maintained in areas where folk costumes were made from homemade linen until the mid-20th century.
- they were turned
- they “weaved” (knitted) single- and multi-colored ribbons with a needle. In Slovakia
- thicker withes were usually twisted by two people. One person held the rod while the other twisted it. Before twisting
- thickness and other properties of the yarn are influenced by the origin of the fibers
- this is a very gentle method. For the needs of the textile center
- this process is carried out on specialized spinning machines that allow precise control of the speed
- this technique probably spread during the Wallachian colonization from the 15th to the 17th century.
- this took about two weeks
- thread
- threads
- three-dimensional effect.
- through complex techniques of openwork and cut-out
- thus combining mass production with the possibility of self-customization and minimizing textile waste. Innovative production concepts: An example is Issey Miyake's A-POC (A Piece of Clothing) concept
- thus combining mass production with the possibility of self-customization and minimizing textile waste..
- thus ensuring the quality and health safety of the product. Special and modern methods : - Solution dyeing/dope dyeing: The dye is added to the polymer solution before the synthetic fiber is formed
- thus extending their service life and reducing maintenance costs Improving the efficiency of chemicals: Detergents and chemicals dissolve better in soft water
- tied into bundles and stored so that they did not get wet. The fibers obtained by dewing were silver-gray in color and darker than the fibers of soaked flax.
- tkanina
- to fasten and bind a handle to a basket
- to make a yarn. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame
- to the widely used cross-stitch and flat stitch. The older developmental layer is represented by simpler geometric patterning procedures that were embroidered from memory and applied to coarse hemp and linen material. In the peasant environment in Slovaki
- Tool for twisting fibers into thread. It consisted of a drum and usually a removable or fixed weight with the drum
- towels
- towels)
- Traditional craft focused on the dyeing of textiles. On the territory of present-day Slovakia
- Traditional form of sheep breeding based on seasonal grazing in different locations and altitudes. It is closely connected with cultural traditions
- triacetate
- trimmed and cleaned as needed (e.g. with electric trimmers). The product undergoes a final quality check and cleaning before packaging and shipping. Uses Artistic and decorative textiles: Tufting is also used to produce cushions
- tripods
- Tufting needle / Manual tufting hook – a basic hand tool used in tufting to insert yarn into a base textile for the production of rugs
- tufting robot) presses the yarn through the base fabric and creates loops or cut pile. There are two basic techniques: Loop tufting (loop pile): The yarn remains in the form of loops on the surface of the fabric. Cut tufting (cut pile): The loops are dire
- Turec
- twill
- twill and satin
- twine began to be used for this in more agriculturally productive areas and in southwestern Slovakia. When tying into straw bundles
- twine handles) or with devices (spinning wheel
- twines
- twist
- twisted basting
- twisted threads
- twisted twines and twisted ropes. Within the framework of traditional technologies
- twisting
- Twisting a withe consisted of two phases: in the first phase
- twisting and tying threads create strong and decorative lace structures. Industrial Uses of Bobbin Lace In industrial production
- twisting and tying threads using bobbins and yarn. Although bobbin lace is historically a manual process
- Twisting fibers by hand is considered one of the oldest and simplest methods of producing thread without the use of tools. The technique was primarily used for the production of cords
- twisting or folding the textile during processing. In industrial practice
- twisting was done either without tools (by rolling in the hand or with the palm of the hand on the thigh)
- two simpler methods of textile production were preserved in the traditional textile culture of Slovakia – tablet weaving and card weaving. The resulting product of both techniques was a woven band
- tying knots. In textile production in Slovakia
- UAB. Operational speed reaches 8-25 km/h (5-16 mph)
- ultra-fine merino and alpaca for the knitted textile market.
- under the influence of moisture
- underwear
- uniformity
- unlike mule spinning which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning
- Until the mid-20th century
- up to 35 cm long). Horseshoes - weights used for turned spindles
- upholstery
- used
- used in artisanal weaving and in the second half of the 20th century also in home weaving. In hand-weaving on looms
- used to crush ore
- using shaping techniques
- utilitarian hemp/flax fabric for sails and tents into a diverse global industry spanning high-end art
- UV protection
- UV radiation and at the same time retains breathability. Antibacterial and hygienic properties: Nanoparticles of silver or other metals are inserted directly into the fibers
- v Bratislave a v Banskej Štiavnici po 4
- v Košiciach 5
- v ktorých v roku 1609 bolo 8 irchárov. V roku 1770 ich bolo v Kremnici 6
- v Rimavskej Sobote a Bardejove po 2. Napriek zmene módy a kožiarskej veľkovýrobe sa remeselné irchárstvo udržalo aj v 1. polovici 20. storočia. Na dedinách si irchu zhotovovali kožušníci
- vertical (used in Slovakia only from the 1880s) and on islands (typical for mountainous areas).
- vertical looms with clay weights have been used for weaving in Slovakia. Around the 10th-11th century
- viscose
- vlákno
- wall decorations
- wall hangings
- warmer
- was the breaking brake
- was wound onto the rear warp. Two flat sticks (spindles) were inserted into the warp thread cross and the threads were taken up (threaded) into the heddles and into the brdo according to the weave of the future fabric. Then the strands of thread were tied
- was wound onto the rear warp. Two flat sticks (spindles) were inserted into the warp thread cross and the threads were taken up (threaded) into the heddles and into the heddle according to the weave of the future fabric.
- washing) without interruption
- water
- wavy) structure on the surface. In the production of synthetic fibers of artificial or natural origin
- we have vats that collect rainwater. Principle of industrial softening Ion exchange: The most common method is the use of water softeners based on ion exchange resins. In this process
- weavers could turn the plant into silky strands of fiber to be woven into linen thread.
- weaving
- Weaving in a circular or tubular loom. Used for the production of sacks
- weaving on looms was also the most widespread method of hand-making textiles.
- Weaving tool used to beat the weft into the warp. It consisted of two horizontal rods between which reed
- wedding dresses
- were cast in lead
- were fitted with parallel steel pins for splitting and combing out the fibers of flax. Using a flax comb
- were used already in the Neolithic. From about the middle of the 18th century
- wet
- Wet cleaning method used to remove dirt and grease from wool. It often began before shearing
- wet felt
- wet hemp fibers possess a lower modulus
- Wet-spinning
- wetting it with soapy water
- when exposed to moisture and heat
- when sheep were washed. Wool was commonly washed in a cloth bundle in streams or near wells. If the natural lanolin content was to be preserved
- when spring shears began to be used
- when the sap began to flow in the trees and the bark was easier to separate. Flax and hemp were harvested by hand-pulling
- when the spindle was light (there was little yarn on it). In Slovakia
- when the stems contain the most quality fibers. After harvesting
- when their seeds began to ripen.
- where a person stood on a lever and
- where a smooth and comfortable surface is required. 3. Humidity control Optimal humidity in the production environment has a fundamental influence on the softness and elasticity of the yarn. If the air is too dry
- where drops of water and dirt flow off the fabric without soaking in. The development of nanofibers (e.g. in cooperation with the Technical University of Liberec) enables the production of extremely fine and strong materials for filters
- where fibers are joined by centrifugal force into yarn suitable for high-speed production. Air-jet spinning – a modern spinning technology in which fibers are bound and twisted using streams of compressed air
- where it allows for fast
- where it served not only for impregnation but also for achieving overall surface polychromy. The technique became particularly significant in the surface treatment of carved objects and traditional toys. The oldest methods of mordanting relied on organic
- where phase inversion and precipitation of the polymer occur. This process leads to the formation of fibers from the solution
- where the absorption and fixation of the dye in the fibers takes place. After the process
- where the garment is created as a continuous piece of fabric with pre-made seams. The customer can simply cut out individual parts according to their own needs
- where the individual components of the plant—fibres
- where the polymer is not completely liquid
- where the solvent is rapidly evaporated. This turns the polymer into a solid fiber. The finished fibers are wound onto bobbins or further processed according to the desired properties and end use .Acrylic
- where they are heated and melted to a suitable viscosity. The molten polymer is filtered and dosed under pressure into a spinning nozzle (spinneret). Spinning through the nozzle: The melt is extruded through fine holes in the nozzle
- where they quickly solidify. Drawing and winding: The solidified fibers are stretched (which improves their strength properties) and wound onto bobbins for further processing. Polyester
- where two people worked together in the process of palm rolling.
- whether manual or automatic
- which achieves high color fastness
- which aligns the polymer chains and increases their orientation and crystallinity
- which allows easy insertion of the yarn. Tufting (yarn insertion) - A special machine or robotic tufting head (tufting gun
- which allows for high efficiency and uniformity of dyeing
- which allows for mass production with an emphasis on quality and efficiency. Principle and technological process Sewing mechanism: An industrial sewing machine uses the movement of a needle and a hook to create stitches (most often a lock stitch or chain
- which allows for the rapid and accurate realization of even very complex designs. Wide range of materials: In addition to wool
- which are difficult to separate. New technologies
- which are durable and resistant to further processing (washing
- which are inserted into the cylinder according to the pattern
- which are mainly used for the production of insulation materials and technical products. The main stages of industrial textile recycling: Collection and sorting: Used textiles are collected in collection centers and then sorted by material type
- which are sought after for their fineness
- which are subsequently interwoven with each other. This creates different types of knitted fabrics with different properties depending on the interweaving method and the technology used Types of industrial knitting: Weft knitting: Loops are created from a
- which are subsequently loosened and mixed on special mixing units or in mixing chambers Carding and other mixing operations: During carding (fibering)
- which are then reused to produce new synthetic or artificial fibres. New technologies also make it possible to break down mixed fabrics into their individual components
- which are wooden sticks with wound yarn
- which can be in a raw or partially processed state. The goal of spinning is to create strong
- which can cause deposits on fibers
- which cause local contraction of the fibers and the formation of permanent wrinkles. This method is used mainly for cotton and viscose fabrics. - Heat creping: In the case of synthetic materials (e.g. polyester)
- which causes physical gelation and stabilization of the fiber. The solvent is removed by extraction or drying. The fibers are stretched
- which causes the wool fibres to interlock with the fibres of the fabric. Nuno felting allows the creation of original scarves
- which controlled the raising and lowering of individual warp threads. In this way
- which could lead to thread breakage. During winding
- which create an invisible barrier without changing the appearance and feel of the fabric. An example is the so-called "lotus effect" surfaces
- which do not have a negative effect on textiles or equipment. The water thus loses its hardness and is more suitable for use in textile processes. Galvanic softeners: An alternative is galvanic filters
- which does not settle on fibers or in equipment. Importance of softening in the textile industry Increasing the softness of textiles: Softened water prevents the deposition of minerals on fibers
- which facilitates repairs and modifications of products. A typical example is the production of knitwear on flat or circular knitting machines Warp knitting: The stitches are created from several yarns at once
- which facilitates the subsequent separation of fibre from shives in processing lines. Modern cutters are designed to minimise fibre damage and maximise the yield of high-quality material for the textile or technical industry. These machines are adapted to
- which fixes the yarn in the fabric and ensures the stability of the product. After drying
- which form the surface of carpets
- which further homogenizes the composition and properties of the semi-finished product Typical mixing applications Production of blended yarns: For example
- which gradually produced a lighter shade of wool. Hemp and linen fabrics were similarly bleached primarily by repeated wetting or sprinkling during sun drying. This process was sometimes repeated over several weeks until the textile achieved the desired b
- which improves dye uptake and increases the luster and strength of the fabric. 2. Dye selection: The type of dye is selected according to the type of fiber (e.g. reactive dyes for cotton
- which in its turn was a descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process
- which increases the quality of the resulting yarn Strand assembly: For even greater uniformity
- which increases their shine
- which is checked and approved in terms of quality
- which is elongated and thinned due to electrostatic forces. During the flight
- which is essential for the mass production of ready-made clothing and technical textiles. Versatility: The ability to process a wide range of materials and product types - from ordinary clothing to special technical textiles.
- which is essential for the quality and regularity of the fabric. The tensioning device can take various forms—from simple wooden or metal rods to more sophisticated mechanisms. Its use simplifies the weaver’s work
- which is filled with sawdust
- which is important for technical applications Innovative design and individualization: Modern computer-controlled knitting machines allow for rapid changes in patterns
- which is important for the stable quality of the yarn and subsequent textile products Economic efficiency: It allows for the efficient use of different raw materials and optimization of production costs. Technological mixing processes Mixing in the fiber
- which is the basic material for further textile production (weaving
- which is the basis for the production of fine
- which is the basis for the production of textile products such as fabrics and knitwear. The strength
- which is then digitized into special embroidery software. The programmer adjusts the design according to the requirements for size
- which is then inserted into a shuttle or another weft-insertion device. Yarn winding: The yarn must be wound onto the bobbin evenly and with appropriate tension to prevent tangling or excessive tightness
- which minimize toxic wastewater.
- which minimize waste and increase wearing comfort Technical knitwear Knitting is also used to produce technical textiles – for example
- which naturally achieves the desired softness. In the case of impurities
- which reduces their consumption and contributes to more environmentally friendly production Product quality: The result is a higher quality and consistency of textile products
- which removes yellow pigments and achieves high whiteness. The process takes place at a temperature of 80–95 °C and requires pH control with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to neutralize alkaline residues - Wool: Due to the sensitivity of the fibers to aggressiv
- which require less frequent washing and thus save water and energy. Sustainability and recycling: Nanotreatments increase the value of recycled textiles (e.g. recycled viscose with nanotreatment)
- which thus acquire antibacterial
- which use an electrochemical process to convert mineral compounds into aragonite
- which was preserved as an emergency method during catastrophically infertile years until the beginning of the 20th century. Grain harvesting was preserved until the end of the 19th century
- which was replaced by a sickle and scythe from the 18th century. The harvested or mown grain was placed in bundles (guša
- which was subsequently wound onto the spindle itself.
- which was then pushed against the finished fabric with a bridle placed in the loom shaft. At the same time
- which were stepped on with the feet. A shuttle or stick was used to thread the warp through the loom
- which were tied with straw bundles
- while becoming denser
- while counterclockwise twisting (S-twist) occurred less frequently.
- while embossing uses heated metal dies and pressure to create raised or recessed patterns. Molding / Shaping The process of soaking leather to increase flexibility and then shaping it by hand or with molds. Once dry
- while feed teeth move the material under the needle. The machines operate at speeds of up to several thousand stitches per minute and are capable of sewing various types of materials from fine to coarse technical textiles. Types of industrial machines: -
- while in the second phase it was spirally twisted along its length into a withe. When twisting a withe used
- while maintaining structural integrity. This process is used mainly in the production of seamless textiles
- while maintaining the traditional appearance of hand-made bobbin lace. Bobbin lace is used to decorate clothing
- while often preserving similar colors and patterns.
- while short fibres (dust
- while shorter fibers were used for the warp and weft.
- while specialized fullers worked mainly in centers producing more demanding types of woolen cloth.
- while the hemp fibers were creamy yellow to pale or silver gray in color.
- while the right hand rotated it clockwise. As the rod rotated
- while the warp is threaded through the gap (the gap between the layers of threads). The preparation for weaving is weaving. Weaving developed from weaving the weft into the warp. In the first half of the 20th century
- while wing spinning wheels gradually spread from the end of the 16th century onward. During spinning
- whose fibres—unlike in knitting
- wild plum
- Winter supplementary occupation focused on the production and sale of reeds used in weaving. It was often connected with comb-making and the production of other wooden tools.
- wire products
- with a primary focus on reducing yarn hairiness. Implemented on a ring spinning machine
- with craftspeople traveling from village to village to weave guby for customers.
- with dust beaten out by sticks and impurities removed by hand.
- with each yarn creating stitches in the warp direction (along the length of the fabric). Warp knitted fabrics are characterized by higher strength and cannot be torn. They are mainly produced on warp knitting machines and are used
- with high precision.
- with high productivity.
- with holes in the corners through which warp threads are passed. By turning the tablets
- with motion transferred by a drive cord to a horizontally positioned spindle. During spinning
- with the application of reducing or oxidizing agents. Neutralization and washing: Bleaching is followed by a thorough washing to remove chemical residues and stabilize the pH of the fibers. In the case of hydrogen peroxide
- with the help of two boys: the little piecer and the big or side piecer. The carriage carried up to 1
- with the largest processor being SK-Tex. Thousands of tons of textiles are processed annually
- with the polymer passing from a dissolved state to a solid form due to contact with the coagulation medium. Materials suitable for wet-spinning. Both natural and synthetic polymers
- with tools (various types of spindles
- without spinning them into yarn. Fibers are layered and
- without the need for subsequent sewing or shaping. It processes animal hair
- without weights
- women began to practice crocheting more widely at the end of the 19th century
- women's hats
- women’s
- wooden
- Wooden bobbins are used in weaving to wind yarn
- wool
- Wool harvesting – the earliest method of obtaining wool was probably collecting it during the spring and autumn shedding of sheep. Before the La Tène period
- wool plucking was recorded in Čičmany as a way of obtaining material for embroidery while tending sheep. Wool shorn from one sheep is called a fleece.
- Wool twining / Druganie – a method of twisting fibers into a thread with a weaker or stronger twist than spun yarn. Its purpose was to produce a thick
- wool was also obtained by plucking
- wool yarn
- wool)
- work and technical textile industries. in which digitally designed motifs are applied to textiles using automated embroidery machines. This process is precise
- work clothes
- woven fabric
- wrapped
- wrapped up on a bobbin
- wringing
- yarn
- yarn is continuously twisted and wound through the interaction of a spindle
- yarns
- yet strong textile with a unique structure and design. The process involves layering wool onto fabric
- zeleno
- Zemplín
- žlto
- zväzovka
Material specification
- - Vysoká škola strojní a textilní v Liberci – DSpace TUL[2] - Učebné osnovy odborných predmetov Výroba konfekcie
- 143689
- 2024
- Acetate silk (cellulose)
- acetátový hodváb (celulóza)
- agave
- Ako zvoliť podkladovú látku na nuno plstenie. | olgadzurova.sk
- An eco-friendly droplet-wet spinning technology for producing high-quality hemp/cotton blend yarn
- ananás
- ananás vlákno
- Andre West
- bamboo
- bambus
- banán
- banana
- bark
- basalt
- bast
- bavlna
- bio-nylon
- blend
- bobbin lace
- carbon
- casein
- cattle
- cellophane (cellulose)
- celofán (celulóza
- celulóza s mätou
- chemlon
- čipka
- človek
- composite
- conductive fiber
- cork
- corn
- corn fiber
- cotton
- črevá
- CSc. Konzultant: Ing. Jana Semanová. Počet strán: 69. Počet príloh: 8. OBSAH
- cukrová trstina
- dederon
- diolen
- dogbane
- dub korkový
- dye
- eucalyptus
- fabric
- fake angora
- fake cashmere
- fake kašmír
- fake mohair
- fake mohér
- Fakulta priemyselných technológií
- Fakulta priemyselných technológií v Púchove
- Fakulta textilní
- farbivo
- feathers
- flax
- fur
- glass fiber
- goat
- grass
- guba
- hazel
- hemp
- hemp insulation
- hemp-wool insulation
- hibiscus
- hodváb
- horse
- https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotonizace
- https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plis%C3%A9
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-jet_spinning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospinning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-end_spinning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_spinning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutching
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(polymers)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mule
- https://fpt.tnuni.sk/fileadmin/Dokumenty/OPD/2015/skripta2.pdf
- https://uluv.sk/casopis-rud/1-2019/plisovane-tvarovanie/
- https://uluv.sk/casopis-rud/3-2016/tkanie-na-dosticke-a-na-kartickach/
- https://uluv.sk/encyklopedia/farbiarstvo/
- https://uluv.sk/encyklopedia/pletenie-na-forme/
- https://uluv.sk/encyklopedia/pletenie-na-krosienkach/
- https://uluv.sk/encyklopedia/sietovanie/
- https://www.dobrytextil.sk/blog/poradna/strojove-vysivanie-v-praxi
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/brasnarstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/brdarstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/brdo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/dierkova-vysivka/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/gubarstvo/?highlight=gub%C3%A1rstvo
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/hackovanie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/ircharstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/kolovrat/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/krajcirstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/krosna/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/mangliarstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/morenie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/papuciarstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/platennictvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/pletenie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/plstenie/?highlight=plstenie
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/sietovanie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/sita-cipka/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/slamienkarstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/stupa/ Zdroj: Zajonc
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/tkanie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/trlica/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/valcha/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/valcharstvo/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/viazanie/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/vreteno/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/vysivka-kovovou-nitou/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/vysivka-krivou-ihlou/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/vysivka-podla-pocitanej-nite/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/vysivka/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/zatva/
- https://www.ludovakultura.sk/zoznam-nkd/tradicne-ovciarstvo/?highlight=chov%20oviec
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/1/67
- https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/3749
- https://www.teraz.sk/spravy/foto-druzstvo-pestuje-konope-a-vyraba/817824-clanok.html
- human
- husk
- ilon
- intestines
- ISSN 0959-6526
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- juta
- jute
- kanafas
- kapok
- kasein
- kevlar
- kibisu
- kokos
- kolcún
- koň
- konope
- konopná izolácia
- konopno - vlnená izolácia
- koza
- králik
- krava
- krpce
- kukurica
- kukuričné vlákno
- lace
- ľan
- latex
- lavasan
- lavsan
- leather
- linen
- Linka na lúpanie konope – JK Machinery
- lotos
- lotus
- lyko
- Malovaný kraj - Šimša
- Martin: Nositelé tradice lidových řemesel. Miroslav Urban – tkadlec
- mäta
- milk protein
- mint
- mint cellulose
- mliečny proteín
- morské riasy
- musa
- narrowleaf cattail
- nettle
- niť
- Nordic Tec SK – Priemyselné zmäkčovače vody a ich použitie : https://nordictec-shop.sk/blog/post/priemyselne-zmaekcovace-vody-a-ich-pouzitie ČistáVoda.sk – Priemyselné zmäkčovače vody : https://www.cistavoda.sk/priemyselne-zmakcovace-vody/
- nylon
- Odborné zdroje: - Študijné texty pre učebný odbor Výroba konfekcie
- optical fiber
- paličkovaná čipka
- palickovanacipka.sk – Vzory na paličkovanie pre začiatočníkov Wikipédia – Paličkovaná čipka encyklopediapoznania.sk – Výroba čipiek textilne-techniky.wbl.sk – Materiál na paličkovanie indprop.gov.sk – Soľnobanská čipka
- pálka úzkolistá
- palma
- paper
- pavúk
- PCC Group – Chemikálie v textilnom priemysle Štátny vzdelávací program 31 TEXTIL A ODEVNÍCTVO Testex – Textilné farby alebo farbivá na farbenie textílií SBAgency – Textilný a odevný priemysel
- pearl
- perie
- perlet
- perlon
- PET bottles
- pet flase
- pig
- pineapple
- pineapple fiber
- plstenie - Centrum pre tradičnú ľudovú kultúru
- polyester
- polypropylen
- Použité odborné zdroje: [Fakulta priemyselných technológií v Púchove
- prasa
- Premeny vlákna
- prútie
- rabbit
- raffia
- ramie
- reed
- Rezanie konope: pred alebo po sušení
- Rong Yin
- S. (2008). Vplyv zmeny ťahovej sily v osnove v priebehu technológie tkania na mechanické vlastnosti ľanovej nite [The effecting of changes of tension force in warp during weaving technology on mechanical properties of linen yarn]. Diplomová práca. Vedúci
- seaweed
- silk
- silon
- ŠIOV Tkanina na pletenie – BEIMON STRATÉGIA ROZVOJA ĽUDSKÝCH ZDROJOV V SEKTORE TEXTIL... Základy textilnej a odevnej výroby
- sisal
- sk.fiber-yarn.com – Zmäkčujúci účinok tavnej priadze sk.fiber-yarn.com – Vplyv horúcich priadz na tkaninu zvlhcovanie.eu – Textilný priemysel: význam zvlhčovania vlnytinka.sk – Od ovečky po priadzu (zmieňuje zmäkčovanie ako súčasť úprav)
- sklenené vlákna
- Skriptá „Technológia textilu a odevníctva: Tkanie a pletenie“
- Skriptá „Základy textilnej a odevnej výroby“
- šľachy
- slama
- snake fiber
- sója
- SOU Lipany[7] [1] https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstreams/bb3343fe-e928-42fb-ab8a-d32851f01dc0/download [2] https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstreams/ca17defd-57c5-4ba6-8b46-f07f1fea7ab6/download [3] https://siov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/%C5%A0tudijn%C3%A9-texty-pre
- soy
- spider
- str.53
- straw
- Študijné texty pre učebný odbor Výroba konfekcie
- sugarcane
- Technická univerzita v Liberci. file:///Users/danieladanielis/Downloads/V_20387_T.pdf
- tencel
- tendons
- terilen
- tesil
- thermoplastic
- thread
- tkanina
- traditional
- Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne PCC Group – Chemikálie v textilnom priemysle sk.hanzhuotextile.com – Textilné suroviny sk.hitech-tex.com – Technika výroby látok
- Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka v Trenčíne] [PCC Group – Chemikálie v textilnom priemysle] [Testex – Zhrnutie metód farbenia textílií] [MEIXIN – Celý proces spracovania textilnej potlače a farbenia] [Mammut – Riešené farbenie]
- viscose
- viscose pulp
- viskóza
- viskóza (všeobecne)
- vlna
- vlnená izolácia
- Volume 475
- willow
- withies
- wool
- wool insulation
- yak
- Yali Ling
- Yang Liu
- yarn
- zajonc pocta suknu https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/pradenie/?highlight=pradenie
- Zajonc.
- Zdroj: https://www.muzeumbrna.cz/vystava-art-protis-60-brnensky-fenomen/t1825
- zdroj: https://uluv.sk/encyklopedia/tkacstvo/
- Zdroj: https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/druganie/; Zdroj: file:///Users/danieladanielis/Downloads/bc_19356.pdf
- Zdroj: https://www.tufty.eu/cs/manualni-nastroj-tuftovani/
- Zdroj: Ištvanová
- Zdroj: Zajonc
- Zdroj:https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/azur/
- žihľava
- Zrdoj: https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/druganie/
- [1] https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1%C3%ADv%C3%A1n%C3%AD [2] https://www.tufty.eu/cs/blog/jak-se-pouziva-tuftovaci-pistole/ [3] https://www.ideal-automotive.com/cs/postupy-a-technologie/vsivani-tufting/ [4] https://www.tufty.eu/cs/manualni-nastroj-tu
- [VEDA NA DOSAH – Nanotechnológia] [nanotechnologia.sk – Nano ochrana textilu] [AZoNano – Nano-based Textiles and Fabrics] [WomenTech.net – Nanotechnológia v móde] [UTB Zlín – Polymerní nanomateriály]
Traditional / Innovative
- innovative
- inovatívny
- tradičný
- traditional
Sustainability
- Áno
- Nie
- No
- Yes

Merino d'arles
A traditional sheep breed from southern France (especially the Provence and Crau regions), developed in the early 19th century by crossing local...
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Linen cloth
Linen fabric (linen cloth) is a classic woven textile made from bast fibers of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum), and it is considered one of the...
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Merino melír
Merino wool comes from sheep of the Merino breed, which originates from Spain. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Merino sheep began to spread to other...
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Roma woven tape
A braid or tape with a ribbed (rips) weave made from yellow cotton yarn. Originally, such tapes were made from hemp and flax yarns in natural color,...
- weaving
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Shetland
It originates from sheep bred on the Shetland Islands in northern Scotland, where the animals have adapted to harsh, windy, and cold conditions. It...
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Tablet-woven bands
A belt or sash (opasovačka, posek) is an accessory of women’s, and more rarely men’s, traditional clothing. Women’s belts were used to cinch the...
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Lace
A self-supporting, mostly openwork (translucent) knitted, tied, or woven textile. Its function was to edge, reinforce, and protect the borders of...
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Wensleydale
It is a typical British longwool fibre from the Wensleydale sheep breed. The wool has fine, long, silky curls with a wavy structure and very little...
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Wool insulation
Wool insulation is an eco-friendly insulating material obtained from sheep’s wool (either raw fleece or recycled wool textiles). The use of sheep’s...
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Zwartbles
It originates from a sheep breed native to the northern Netherlands. It is not suitable for dyeing, but it excels in its natural dark shades. It is...
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Hemp insulation
Hemp insulation is an eco-friendly material made from fibres or hurd (shives) of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa). It is highly renewable,...
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Blue face laichester
It comes from a British sheep breed developed in northeastern England and is among the best-known and most valued British wools. It has a...
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Hemp-wool insulation
Hemp–wool insulation is a modern natural insulating material that combines fibres from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) and sheep’s wool. Since the...
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Chubut
It originates from Argentine Patagonia (Chubut province) and is a fine Merino wool. The fibres are naturally elastic, so the resulting yarn is...
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Needle lace
A type of self-supporting, openwork textile made by sewing loops, knots, and interlacing threads with a needle. As an independent textile, it was...
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Rambouillet
It is a French sheep breed developed at the end of the 18th century from original Spanish Merino sheep. These sheep are known for their resilience,...
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Spruce bast
Spruce bast is the inner bark layer (phloem) located beneath the outer bark of the Norway spruce (Picea abies). It is composed mainly of cellulose...
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Coriedale
It is a sheep breed developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in New Zealand and Australia by crossing Merino and Lincoln sheep. The...
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Birch bast
Birch bast is a light-coloured, fine, and flexible fibre found beneath the bark of the silver birch (Betula pendula).
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Eider
It originates from the German sheep breed Weißköpfiges Fleischschaf, which is mainly raised in northern Germany under harsh coastal conditions. The...
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Elm bast
Elm bast is a soft, fine, yet durable fibre found beneath the bark of the elm tree. Similar to linden bast, it was traditionally used for decorative...
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Oak bast
Oak bast is the inner fibrous layer found beneath the bark of the oak tree, characterized by its hardness and strength.
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Gotland
It originates from the Gotland sheep breed, native to the Swedish island of Gotland. It contains a higher proportion of long outer hairs and less...
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Alder bast
Alder bast comes from the alder tree and is light-coloured, soft, and relatively flexible.
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Cheviot/ Blackface
They are traditional British sheep breeds originating from the border regions of England and Scotland, and their wool is often blended to achieve...
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Maple
Maple bast is the fibrous inner layer found beneath the bark of maple trees. It is light in colour and moderately fine in texture.
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Jacob
The Jacob sheep may be one of the oldest spotted sheep breeds in existence. The earliest artistic depictions appear as far back as 1800 BC in...
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Straw
Straw is the dry stalk residue of cereal crops (such as wheat, rye, barley, or oats) remaining after the grain has been threshed. It is a...
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Swaledale
It originates from the Swaledale sheep breed from Yorkshire and northern England, where these sheep are known for their resilience in harsh...
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Corn husk
Corn husk is the outer leafy sheath that surrounds the ear of maize beneath its layered covering. It is a natural, fibrous, light-coloured,...
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Polwarth
It originates from Australia, where this sheep breed was developed in the late 19th century by crossing Merino (75%) and Lincoln (25%) sheep. The...
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Húžva (willow withies)
Húžva is a traditional Slovak term for a narrow, long, flexible strip of bast, bark, or wood obtained from trees—most commonly willow, hazel,...
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Teeswater
It is a British sheep breed originating from the Teesdale area in northeastern England, and today it is considered rare and classified as an...
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Goldenrod
A perennial herb with bright yellow flowers, native to North America and Europe. Its stem is upright and becomes woody in the lower part, while the...
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Eider down
Eider down is an exceptionally rare and highly valued natural material obtained from the breast down of the common eider duck (Somateria...
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angorský králik
The fluffy Angora rabbit was named after the Turkish city of Ankara, which was formerly called Angora, where domestic animals were first actively...
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Narrowleaf cattail
Narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) is a perennial wetland plant. In Slovakia, it was traditionally used for making woven mats and bags called...
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Milk protein
Milk protein, especially casein, is used to produce so-called milk fibre (casein fibre), which belongs to regenerated protein fibres. This fibre is...
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Mint cellulose
An innovative textile material in which mint extract or mint plant residues are incorporated into a cellulose-based fibre. This type of fibre is...
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Viscose pulp
It is the basic raw material for the production of viscose fibre, which is widely used in the textile industry. It is obtained through the chemical...
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Fake mohair
A textile material that imitates the appearance of real mohair, but is most commonly made from synthetic fibres, especially acrylic or...
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Viscose
A semi-synthetic fibre made from regenerated cellulose, most commonly derived from wood or cotton. It was developed as a cheaper alternative to silk...
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Fake cashmere
Fake cashmere is a term used for textile materials that imitate the properties of natural cashmere but are made from cheaper raw materials, mainly...
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nylon bio beige
A fibre made from renewable or recycled sources, also available in natural (beige) shades. Bio-nylon can be partially or fully plant-based, or it...
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Corn fiber Ingeo®
An innovative synthetic fiber made from renewable plant-based sources—specifically sugars derived from corn. It is the result of a biotechnological...
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Pineapple fiber
It is obtained from the leaves of the pineapple plant. It is both a traditional and modern eco-friendly material, widely used in Asia for producing...
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Bobbin lace
A self-supporting openwork (transparent) knitted textile made by braiding, crossing and twisting threads using bobbins on a cushion or pillow....
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Jute
Jute is a natural bast fibre obtained from the stems of the jute plant (Corchorus genus), which is grown mainly in tropical and subtropical regions....
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Pineapple
Pineapple fibre (pineapple leaf fibre, PALF) is a natural plant fibre obtained from the leaves of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). It is known...
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Sisal
Production of ropes, cords, twines, carpets, mats, bags, hats, footwear, and upholstery. Reinforcement in composite materials, automotive industry,...
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